Building upon research from the early twentieth century that indicated a lack of an informed public, philip converse in the 1970s used scientific surveys to research public opinion in regard to voting. this research indicated that

the united states has a federal government. the president is the head of the federal government of the united states. however, each state forms its government for administration purposes. the powers of the state governments are exercised within restricted state boundaries. and citizens participate in this government by voting.

permafrost layer, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.