As the "third force" in psychology, is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

gold discovery in california, and pioneer settlers were sometimes pulled west because they wanted to make a better living. others received letters from friends or family members who had moved west. these letters often told about a good life on the frontier. the biggest factor that pulled pioneers west was the opportunity to buy land.

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