Are sociopaths a result of bad parenting

It depends. According to pseudo science many sociopaths are born with it it's known as the "murder gene". A doctor brain mapped through scans on many serial killers and normal people. Some of the normal people including himself had the gene. One could argue that the gene exists but it doesn't effect until a trigger. 
But it is shown in many serial killers they came from a bad childhood as in the parents were abusive, used enhancers, neglected the child or they didn't have both of the parents growing up. But if you mean by bad parenting as in not punishing your kids or small things then no.

Ithink the answer is d. the lower appellate and trial courts in the state.