Colin was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant. these experiences made him fearful of the restaurant. in this case, spanking was a(n) for colin's fear. negative reinforcer conditioned stimulus secondary reinforcer unconditioned stimulus

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the secretary of state, appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate, is the president's chief foreign affairs adviser. the secretary carries out the president's foreign policies through the state department and the foreign service of the united states.