This sets up the government, defines the government, and protects basic rights of americans.

If you are looking for the term that describes all this, you are looking for Bill of Rights (First 10 amendments)/Constitution (all amendments). The first 10 amendments define the protection of basic human rights within America.
The 1st Amendment;
Freedom of Speech, Press, the right to Assemble, and the right to petition.
The 2nd Amendment;
The right to bear arms. This amendment gives citizens the right to own weapons for self-defense and/or to self-govern.
The 3rd Amendment;
This amendment states that no soldier shall be quartered, or given shelter, without the consent of the owner, even during the time of war. So basically if a soldier demanded that since he was fighting for his country, he deserves to be taken care of. This is not true, as you have the right to not allow them into your house.
The 4th Amendment;
This amendment allows U.S citizens to deny any permission of searches and seizures of any kind unless police have a search warrant available.
For example, if a police suspects you of a crime, they cannot enter your house unless they have a search warrant present.
The 5th Amendment;
The 5th Amendment enables restrictions on prosecution of persons of accused crimes. For example, if you've heard the saying "I plead the fifth," it means "I am choosing the right to remain silent to prevent a potential faulty accusation of a crime upon myself." In other words, (As I quote) "No persons shall be compelled to be a witness against themself."
The 6th Amendment;
This amendment allows in all criminal prosecutions, the right to a speedy and public trial with a potential requested attorney along with informing of the accuser. What this means is an accused person has the right to an impartial jury, a lawyer, the right to know who has accused them of the crime, and the pending charges and evidence against the accused person.
The 7th Amendment;
This amendment allows any person's the right to a court case heard on a Federal level.
The 8th Amendment;
This amendment restricts the federal government from abusing powers in terms of jail time, punishment, excessive fines, and excessive bail.
For example, you cannot be charged with a death sentence by stealing candy.
The 9th Amendment;
This amendment basically states the Constitution cannot be against any person's basic rights.
The 10th Amendment;
This amendment states the power that is not directly given to the federal government is given to the States and The People.
I hope this helps!

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