In their five rules for enhancing intimate communication, notarius and markman state that
a. each partner can call for a break at any time
b. couples should never take a break until the argument is finished
c. couples should drop the subject if they can't come to a solution within 30 minutes
d. couples should ask for from a third person if the discussion turns into an argument

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.