Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the problem addressed in the quotation

"in 1860 ,after a tenement fire took 20 lives, new york city's building laws were extensively revived and strengthened. at that time, the position of , "superintendent of buildings" was created within the fire department to enforce the new structural safety laws. an independent "buildings department" in manhattan was later founded in 1892".

1. the sudden increase in property crimes
2. the problem of sanitation in cities
3. the mass crowding of cities and tenement buildings
4. the problem of monitoring pollution from urban tenements