What was a cause of the great immigration in the 1800's and 1900's?

What would be the most likely consequence to society if citizens began refusing to fulfill their citizenship responsibilities a) people would have more free time because they would have fewer social obligations b) people would find that society was able to look after itself with the of civic participation c) people would face the threat of losing their individual rights and freedoms d) people would benefit from the direction of strong leaders who would guard their freedoms