Which type of claim does this sentence contain?

the growing amount of industrial waste being dumped into waterways has led to an alarming increase in water pollution levels.

a. value-based claim
b. fact-based claim
c. claim related to policies or solutions
d. cause-and-effect-based claim

Which effect does an increase in a country’s literacy rate have on the people who live there?

Who won the debate over ratifying the constitution

Say a certain manufacturing industry has 63.1 thousand jobs in 2008, but is expected to decline at an average annual rate of 1.7 thousand jobs per year from 2008 to 2018. assuming this holds true, what will be this industry’s percent change from 2008 to 2018? a. 70% b. -27% c. -17% d. -75%