Explain how life course theories are different from social learning and social control theories

The life course perspective is a somewhat new way of thinking about how an individual’s life is determined through the occurrence of certain life events (Benson, 2001). The life course perspective can best be conceptualized as viewing life events in the context of life stages, turning points, and pathways, all of which are embedded in social institutions (Elder, 1985). Integral to the life course perspective are two main concepts: trajectories and transitions. A trajectory is a pathway over the life course, which involves long-term patterns of events, such as employment or family history. A transition, in contrast, involves the short-term events, or turning points, that make up specific life changes, such as marriage, divorce, or parenthood (Elder, 1985; Thornberry, 1997). Transitions play a significant role in the direction of future trajectories (Elder, 1985; Sampson & Laub, 1990); a person’s adaptation to a particular transition can lead to modifications and redirections in subsequent trajectories (Elder, 1985). Therefore, experiences in childhood affect events in adolescence and adulthood, just as events in adolescence or adulthood can modify future trajectories (Sampson & Laub, 1990). Given this, transitions or events at various times in the life course can have a lasting impact on numerous outcomes during the life course through the modification of one’s larger pathways or trajectories (Thornberry, 1997). This chapter will take a look at the life course perspective and how its emergence has affected criminological theory and the role of education as a preventative factor in juvenile delinquency. Section 7.2 discusses the criminological foundations of the life course perspective in addition to the variations of the life course perspective that can be found in criminological theory. Section 7.3 outlines the impact that social bonding has on an individual’s life course according to Sampson and Laub. Section 7.4 discusses other theoretical constructs utilized in the theory. Section 7.5 summarizes the empirical support that can be found for the theory in the literature. Section 7.6 looks specifically at how local life circumstances impact an individual’s life course, specifically desistance from crime. Section 7.7 focuses on the local life circumstance of education, and Section 7.8 outline

Ghana, first of the great medieval trading empires of western africa (fl. 7th–13th century). it was situated between the sahara and the headwaters of the sénégal and niger rivers, in an area that now comprises southeastern mauritania and part of mali.