Monotheism was started by the babylonians. israelites. chinese. egyptians.

Israelites.

Explanation: We can automatically cross of Chinese from that list because it had nothing to do with that time. The Egyptians came before the Israelites and were polytheistic (believe in more than one god). Babylonians are technically Egyptians, so it is Israelites

answer; by working independently, the states have a high likelihood of developing innovative solutions that can be employed in other states;

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.