According to the text, there are five essential elements to the definition of punishment. Which of the following is not one of these five elements?​ a. ​The person who inflicts the punishment has been authorized, under a system of rules or laws, to harm the person who is punished in this particular way. b. ​The person who inflicts the punishment causes a certain harm to the person who is being punished. c. ​There are at least two persons involved. d. ​The person who is being punished has been identified and judged by his/her victim.