Seemingly small choices, such as the order of decision-making, can have major consequences. For example, making decisions about punishment after a guilty verdict has been reached rather than before guilt has been established impacts conviction and acquittal rates. A decision to convict can literally be a life or death decision in countries that practice capital punishment.

Peggy feels sorry for smokers who have lung cancer because she believes they were duped by tobacco companies to develop a deadly addiction and are therefore not responsible for their disease. when asked to donate money to support lung cancer research, peggy gives generously. peggy’s prosocial behavior can best be explained by the arousal: cost-reward model. the negative state relief model. a norm of equity. attributions of responsibility.