This is Philosophy: Critical Thinking class All of the operators that we've studied in this section on formal logic are truth-functional. That means that for any assignment of truth values to the statement letters making up a statement, there is only one truth value for the entire statement.

There are, however, operators or connectives in English that are not truth-functional. Give an example of one and show that it is not truth-functional. (this involves producing an example where one assignment of truth values to the component statements leads sometimes to a true compound statement and sometime to a false compound statement)

To help you out a little, I'll give you an example. You can't use this example or any variant of it.

The English connective "President Briggs knows that..." This connective functions grammatically like the ~ : you can put it in front of any grammatical statement and you'll get a grammatical statement. To show that it's not truth functional, just come up with two true statements, one of which President Briggs knows and one that he doesn't know, and you've proved that the connective is not truth functional. So, for example, "He is president of Berry College" and "my cat's name is Spenser." The latter claim is true but I've never told President Briggs about my cat and his name, so he surely does not know.

manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. to analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

in the united states a public policy is an agreed upon way that our federal, state, or local government fulfills its responsibilities, such as protecting the rights of individuals and promoting the welfare of all the people. some public policies are written into laws by legislatures. other policies are contained in rules and regulations created by executive branches of government, the branches responsible for carrying out and enforcing laws.

the following are examples of public policies and the governmental agencies responsible for carrying them out.

school districts are responsible for making policies regarding student behavior and discipline. teachers and school administrators enforce these policies. state legislatures are responsible for making laws that place speed limits on drivers. police officers enforce these laws. city governments often adopt policies that prohibit people from operating liquor stores near public schools. city inspectors and zoning departments enforce these policies.

when people become aware of problems in their communities, they often want government to develop and carry out policies to deal with those problems. these may be problems for which there are

existing policies or laws that do not work well,

existing policies or laws that are not being enforced,

no policies or laws.

as a citizen of the united states you have a right to say what you think government should do about problems in your community. you also have a right to say what you think about problems in your state, the nation, and about international problems. you have the right to try to influence the decisions people in your government make about all of those problems.

to be able to participate effectively, however, citizens need to know which levels of government and which governmental agencies are responsible for changing, enforcing, or developing a specific public policy. for example, state legislatures may direct agencies to enact policies resulting from federal legislation. or, local governments may create policies in order to carry out responsibilities assigned to them through laws enacted at the state or federal level. additionally, as part of the process of developing and implementing policy, governmental agencies must determine if the new policy conflicts with existing legislation or policy.

this project is intended to you learn how to express your opinions, how to decide which level of government and which agency is most appropriate for dealing with the problem you identify, and how to influence policy decisions at that level of government. it calls for you to work cooperatively with others in your class and, with the of your teacher and adult volunteers, to accomplish the following tas

conformal maps greatly distort _sizes_ of continents in higher latitudes.

the answer is sizes.