Peasants and artisans were referred as​

Others, such as traders and moneylenders often referred to as Vaishyas were placed after them. Then came peasants, and artisans such as weavers and potters referred to as Shudras.

gold discovery in california, and pioneer settlers were sometimes pulled west because they wanted to make a better living. others received letters from friends or family members who had moved west. these letters often told about a good life on the frontier. the biggest factor that pulled pioneers west was the opportunity to buy land.

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the first question's answer is a.