8. Which of the following research methods can a researcher draw a cause and effect conclusion? a. experiment b. naturalistic observation c. survey d. correlational study 9. The measurement of school spirit based on how many people participate in homecoming activities is an example of a(n): a. confirmation bias. b. independent variable. c. confounding variable. d. operational definition.

10. Consider the following experiment: Children are divided into two groups. One group watches episodes of Sesame Street. The other group watches cartoon episodes. Both are then given a test that measures activity in children. In this study, the independent variable is: a. what the child watches on TV. b. how the child scores on the activity test. c. what type of family the child comes from. d. the child’s economic class.