In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that state law

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank.

no the answer is c only objects touching the earth's surface can be acted upon by an outside force

answer; collective security;