Minor parties (third parties) have been a common feature of United States politics. (a) Describe the point of view expressed about minor parties in the political cartoon above. (b) Identify and explain how two rules of the United States electoral system act as obstacles to minor-party candidates winning elections. (c) Minor parties make important contributions to the United States political system in spite of the institutional obstacles to their candidates' success. Describe two of these contributions.

Acriterion for waiving informed consent is that, when appropriate, subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study. in which of the following studies would it not be appropriate to provide subjects with information about missing elements of consent: a study in which researchers told students that they would be given a quiz after reading some study materials when the researchers did not intend to use a quiz, but were attempting to focus subjects’ attention on the material.a study in which subjects were told that they performed in the third quartile on an anagram task when in reality students were randomly assigned scores that were not related to their actual performance.a study in which subjects were assigned to study activities based on an undesirable or unflattering physical characteristic as assessed by members of the research team.a study involving decision-making games in which subjects were led to believe that they were interacting with another student in another room, but were actually interacting with a computer programmed to provide consistent responses to all subjects.