How did the Muslim Empires and institutions help different regions of Afroeurasia become more interconnected?

The Ottoman Empire helped interconnect Afroeurasia because they controlled the Bosporus Strait, meaning they had control over a lot of trade between Afroeurasia and they also had a strong economy, attracting merchants all over the world. Also, the place became a center of Islam, which attracted people from different parts of the world to the city of Istanbul. Mughal India's Akbar was tolerant of all religions, in fact, he invited priests to explain Christianity to him. Since there was no religion-centered tax, many people were attracted to the city therefore interconnecting Afroeurasia even more.

explanation:

may i ask what challenges?

well, there are a lot of places we get information about earth from. like science classes, websites, books, newspapers, etc.