I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, do proclaim, declare, and make known to all persons who have, directly or by implication, participated in the existing rebellion, except as hereinafter excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them and each of them . . . upon the condition that every such person shall take and subscribe an oath . . . –Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,

Abraham Lincoln

Read the passage, and then answer the questions that follow.

This passage refers to "all persons who have, directly or by implication, participated in the existing rebellion.”

Who does President Lincoln mean by "all persons?”

all white citizens living in the South
formerly enslaved persons
people who served in the Confederate government
members of the Union Army