Which of the following statements is true of ethical systems?a) They are institutions of the state. b) They believe that the motivation to observe moral values usually comes from within an individual. c) They set a bare minimum standard acceptable to a society, and violations of the standards are punishable under the legal system. d) They are based on just meeting minimum legal requirements. e) They hold that every ethical value is enforced by the state.

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. at the trial, donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. he admits that they would drink and use drugs together. one night while partying, donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. the jury convicted donald of manslaughter. who would argue that donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will? a. a rational choice theorist b. a critical criminologist c. a conflict theorist d. a positivist