On average, a woman can expect to "lose" at least inch(es) in height by the time she reaches age 70.

2 inches

Explanation:

People generally decrease in height as they age from about 40-50 years of age. On average however, women lose more height than men as they age. Studies have shown that women lose 2 inches in height between the ages of 30 and 70 and above 2 inches from 80 while men lose just above 1 inch from 70.

Loss in height is generally because of loss of bone density at old age, the discs in the vertebrae begin to compress and the spine curves.

citizens were able to charge more for their goods and services

answer; ///relational devaluation;