In agency law, ratification occurs when: a. a principal, by word or by action, affirms a contract made by a person who is in fact not an agent.
b. there is no agency relationship, but the words or actions of the principal lead a third party to assume that an agency exists.
c. the obligation of an agent who acted outside the scope of his or her authority is rejected.
d. fiduciary obligations are owed by an agent to a principal.

Option A

Explanation:

Ratify in law occurs when there is a confirmation of a previous contract or other act that would not otherwise be binding in the absence of such approval and  Agency by Ratification is a situation which arises when a person or company inaccurately claims to be an agent for a company or an individual and carried out certain legal acts in such capacity, but without the proper consent of the principal, however, the principal later accepts and recognizes due to the single fact that an act has already been done in his name and on his behalf by another person (the agent) who in fact, had no actual authority. It should be noted that ratification by an agency only creates an agency relationship between the principal and the agent in respect of the act ratified by the principal, but not in respect of any other act, whether past or future.

In agency law, ratification occurs when a principal, by word or by action, affirms a contract made by a person who is in fact not an agent.

the psychological impact of incarceration

explanation:

a brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minute.

i want to say death; parole, probation, and fines are still being used all the time.