A prison warden has instructed his prison guards to hose down the prisoners with icy cold water as punishment - despite the fact that this is probably illegal. When one guard protests, the warden informs the guards that he himself will take personal responsibility for any negative consequences. This will make the guards more likely to obey because it: a. reduces the guards' stress about what they are doing.
b. reduces the guards' empathy for the prisoners.
c. distracts guards from the prisoners' distress.
d. increases the guards' decisiveness.