Social loafing is more likely to occur among individuals from collectivist cultures a) when a group norm of low effort has already been established. b) when tasks are difficult. c) in groups with a majority of female members. d) when task orientation is high.

a) when a group norm of low effort has already been established.

Explanation:

Social loafing is a concept that explains the tendency for individuals to exert less effort or input for the achievement of a goal when they are in a group than when working individually. This occurs because each individual in the group pool their efforts to achieve a collective goal rather than an individual achieving the goal on their own.

When a group norm of low effort has already been established, there is a likelihood for social loafing to occur since there is no need to exert effort to achieve a task. For example, social loafing can occur when a team member doesn't perform because they know that irrespective of their input, the task will be achieved, in most cases, they exert minimum efforts.