According to the map above, in what region were most European coastal settlements concentrated?

I have attached the relevant image below.

Explanation:

The image is a map of Africa, with the most relevant European settlements at the time.

As can be seen, all of them were located in subsharan Africa, because the Mediterranean coast of Africa was a region that had developed from ancient times, and that was in the control of the Ottoman Empire.

The European coastal settlements mostly cluster in west Africa, where the majority of slave ports (ports where slave were taken to the Americas) were located.

There are also some settlements in East Africa, and two settlements to the south of the Gold Coast: Luanda, an important slave port under Portugese control, and Cape Town, initially a Dutch colony.

i don't know the answer to this

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.