A type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals is known as federalism.

a. welfare
b. dual
c. subsidy
d. commercial
e. cooperative

COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM.

Explanation: Cooperative federalism is defined as a form of federalism in which all the various levels of government; the national, state, and local government engage mutually to solve problems that are common to achieve a similar goal.

The answer is cooperative federalism.

Explanation:

Cooperative federalism is also called marble-cake federalism. This can be defined as a concept that is used in federalism in which all governments (local, federal, and state) must act collectively to solve some problems, instead of establishing some policies separately.

There are some differences related to the cooperative federalism in the European Union and the United States. According to the Lisbon Treaty, the distribution of competences in some areas between the Member States and the European Union is established in 3 categories. In the United States, there are exclusive competences.    

c is the answer for this

the answer to this question is d