HELP I NEVER LEARNED THIS

Which situation best describes the phenomenon known as learned helplessness?

A) An individual, forced to endure negative stimuli, learns to avoid it.
B) An individual, forced to endure negative stimuli, learns to cope with it.
C) An individual, forced to endure negative stimuli, turns it into positive stimuli.
D) An individual, forced to endure negative stimuli, becomes unable to avoid this stimulus.

Afederally funded research study involving children 8 to 12 years old involves collecting a single voided urine sample to assess the frequency of asymptomatic proteinuria (higher amounts of protein in the urine without any signs or symptoms of illness or infection). your irb has determined that assent of children age 8 and older is required for the study. a 10-year-old firmly declined to participate in the study described above. which of the following procedures best describes the action to be taken by the investigator? a. honor the child's decision b. consent both of the child's parents instead c. consent one of the child's parents instead d. request the child reconsider assenting to the study