As a result of personal filters and distortions, many of which result from their backgrounds and experiences, group members often colleagues who are different from them, rather than accurately perceiving and evaluating those individuals’ contributions, capabilities, aspirations, and motivations.

In the case of furman v. georgia (1972), the united states supreme court ruled that the death penalty- in specific cases- being arbitrarily and inconsistently imposed, often in a discriminatory manner. as a result, the imposition of the death penalty as a punishment was stopped throughout the united states.