If the Japanese yen is expected to appreciate against the U. S. dollar and interest rates in the United States and Japan are similar, banks may try speculating on this anticipated exchange rate movement by borrowing and investing in.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada