Suppose your friend is describing to you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the pressure to stay in and study?

ID Personality structure

Explanation:

According to the psychoanalytic personality theory of Sigmund Freud, the ID is the personality element composed of immobilized negative energy which works to appease simple impulses, wants, and emotions. The ID works on the basis of the principle of pleasure, which demands instant satisfaction of desires.

Your friend is describing to you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. This reflects the ID personality structure, he wants to satisfy his basic desires, but he has a more serious activity he is meant to do.

The ID is the basic and reflexive part of the memory that comprises secret memories, negative and violent drives. The id seeks instant gratification for our wants and needs.

d.) continue to rise rapidly

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.