Rahul is a hardworking business administration student. When his business studies lecturer announces an important exam, Rahul decides to put in his best efforts and achieve the highest grade. However, Rahul gets demotivated when the lecturer announces that none has received an A till date, and he feels that it would be pointless to work hard from thereon. This scenario exemplifies .

expectancy theory

Explanation:

Expectancy theory: In psychology, the term "expectancy theory" was discovered by Victor Vroom and is described as a theory in which different individuals tends to behave in a few specific ways because they're being motivated the consequences or results or rewards that they generally expect to get from making those choices.

In other words, a person will act or behave in a way because he or she is being motivated to choose a particular behavior over others due to the expectation the person posses with that behavior.

In the question above, the given scenario best exemplifies the expectancy theory.

in an absolute  monarchy, the  monarchrules as an autocrat, with absolutepower  over the state and government — for example, the right to rule by decree, promulgate laws, and impose punishments. the  monarch isnominally sovereign but the electorate, through their legislature, exercise political sovereignty.

answer: musical connotation

leonard b. meyer (1918-2007) was an american composer, author and philosopher. his work emotion and meaning in music is perhaps the first major treatise on music. it is a philosophical and psychological work, greatly influenced by koffka (one of the major proponents of gestalt psychology). his work deals with the problem of musical meaning and musical communication.