Which of the following best characterizes "strain theory"? a. Strain theory argues that the criminal justice system may be an instrument of oppression. b. Strain theory argues that strong inner and outer controls may limit deviance and crime, but weak controls will enable deviance and crime. c. Strain theory argues that deviance may be produced by people’s inability to achieve cultural goals. d. Strain theory argues that social stigmas may produce deviance and crime.

d. Strain theory argues that social stigmas may produce deviance and crime.

Explanation:

This is the statement that most closely approaches the definition of "strain theory." Strain theory is a theory in sociology that argues that the pressure and stigmas that people can feel within society are one of the reasons why they might be driven to commit crimes. This theory often focuses on disadvantaged or stigmatized groups in society. Some of the social factors that can cause deviance and crime are poverty, lack of education or being the target of racism.