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The Gupta Period of India

The Gupta Period of India was not defined by great wealth or extensive trade.
Instead, it was characterized by creativity. Flourishing arts, fabulous literature, and talented scholars are just a few of the things that marked the period.
Long before the Gupta Period began, India was ruled by Mauryan kings. The Mauryan empire fell apart when the last of the Mauryan kings was assassinated. In place of the empire, small kingdoms formed throughout India.
For nearly 500 years, the various small kingdoms fought wars with each other. Then, in the year 320, Chandragupta became a ruler of a small kingdom in the north. He began taking over other kingdoms, and the Gupta Period began. Chandragupta revived many principles of the Mauryan government. He also paved the way for his son, Samudragupta, to build a huge empire.
Victory at any cost
Samudragupta was a great warrior. He was passionate about conquering new lands, and he wanted to unite all of India under his rule. He set out to achieve this goal by waging wars across much of the Indian subcontinent.
Hoping for mercy, many potential victims offered tributes and presents to Samudragupta as he swept through the territories. But little mercy was granted. One by one, he defeated nine kings in the north and 12 in the south.
The Gupta territories expanded greatly under Samudragupta's reign, and he has often been compared to famous conquerors such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon. But of course Samudragupta did not achieve his military success all by himself. Local groups called squads helped him. Each squad consisted of one elephant, three soldiers who fought on horseback, and five foot soldiers. The squads protected Gupta villages from raids and revolts. In times of war, the squads joined together to form a powerful royal army.
Gupta achievements in the arts
But Samudragupta was more than a fighter; he was also a lover of the arts. Engraved coins and inscribed pillars from the time of his reign provide evidence of both his artistic talent and his financial support of the arts.
Samudragupta's son, Chandragupta II, ruled after Samudragupta. Like his father, Chandragupta II greatly supported the arts. Artists were so highly valued under his rule that they were paid for their work — which rarely happened in ancient civilizations. Perhaps this financial support is what allowed such amazing progress to be made in literature and science during the period.
Coin of the Gupta king Chandragupta II. Photo from Wikimedia.
Much of the literature written during the Gupta Period was poetry and plays. However, texts about history, religion, grammar, medicine, math, and the stars were also written.
Two of the most famous scholars of the time were Kalidasa and Aryabhatta. Kalidasa, the greatest writer of the empire, brought plays to new heights by filling them with humor and heroism. Aryabhatta, a scientist ahead of his time, proposed that Earth was a rotating sphere centuries before the theory could be scientifically proven. Aryabhatta also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.358 days. He was only three hours over the figure calculated by modern scientists.
Alongside these scholarly achievements, magnificent architecture, statues, and painting also developed. Among the greatest paintings of this period are those that were found on the walls of caves in the plains of southern India. The paintings are of Buddha, the teacher and philosopher who founded the religion of Buddhism. An 18-foot statue of the Hindu god Shiva was also found within a Gupta temple.
A lasting inspiration
The Gupta rulers practiced Hindu traditions. But the discovery of the paintings of Buddha makes it clear that religious freedom was allowed in the empire. Evidence of a Buddhist university within the region is additional proof that Hindus and Buddhists lived near each other peacefully.
The Gupta empire flourished under Chandragupta II, but rapidly weakened during the rule of his two successors. A wave of invasions launched by the Huns, a group from central Asia, started in the year 480. Two decades later, Gupta kings had little territory left under their control. Around the year 550, the empire perished completely.
Though India was not truly unified again for hundreds of years, the culture of the Guptas did not disappear. The arts that flourished during the time period are still studied today.
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