A. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective. B. Jensen decides the risk of being caught shoplifting is very low, and the risk of being caught during an armed robbery is very high. C. Mahmoud experiences an intense and irrational fear of dogs. D. Victoria believes paragliding is a frightening activity

Correct option is A: Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

Explanation:

Secondary appraisal is defined as the cognitive process of trying to unravel how to cope when faced with stressful events. When an event is harmful and has already occurred, immediate evaluation of the options to cope with such stress is done. On the other hand, a person has more time to deal with a challenging or threatening event, as there is time to gather information that can help in coping with the stressor. In the option A, there is a challenging event, and Berkley has time to check for what can help in such events and has made a decision.

experiments.

surveys.

questionnaires.

interviews.

case studies.

participant and non-participant observation.

observational trials.

studies using the delphi method.