• What did Hamilton mean when he called the judiciary the "least dangerous branch"? - Who controls the "sword" and the "purse"? Does the Supreme Court control either of those things? • What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803) for the power of judicial review? • Who is the plaintiff in a case? Who is the defendant? • What are the different types of cases? • What is jurisdiction? • What is standing? - Be sure to understand the "case or controversy principle" • What is a political question? Why doesn’t the judiciary answer political questions? • What is stare decisis? What role does it play? • Which article of the Constitution establishes the constitutional basics of the federal judiciary? - What does that article say about the Supreme Court? Lower Courts? - What protections are given to federal judges? • What is the basic hierarchy of the federal judiciary? • What is the process for nominating and confirming a federal judge? - What role does the Senate play? - What is senatorial courtesy? • How can a federal judge be removed? • What are the steps of a case before the Supreme Court (starting with a writ of certiorari ending with opinions)? • What are the differences between judicial activism and judicial restraint? • What are the different constraints on the judiciary?

it would have "no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction of the strength or of the wealth of a society; and can take no active resolution whatever."

Sword: executive

Purse: legislative

It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."

Who is the plaintiff in a case? Who is the defendant?

Plaintiff: is a party who files a complaint alleging wrongdoing on the part of a defendant,

Defendant: who must either admit to the wrong or defend against the accusation.

What are the different types of cases?

Civil Case: plaintiff brings a lawsuit, usually seeking monetary damages for an injury that occurred as a result of the defendant's actions.

Criminal Case: the government prosecutes someone for allegedly committing a crime

What is jurisdiction?

the authority of a court to hear and decide a case

What is standing?

a requirement for a court to hear a case in which a party must have suffered, or will soon suffer and injury

Be sure to understand the "case or controversy principle"

a principle of jurisdiction that there must be some conflict for a federal court to hear and decide a case

What is a political question?

cases may be dismissed if the issues they present are regarded as extremely "political" in nature.

Why doesn't the judiciary answer political questions?

because it will likely to draw the courts into a political battle with the executive or legislative branch or are simply more amenable to executive or legislative decision making.

What is stare decisis? What role does it play?

"stand by decided matters" which states that under similar facts, court should follow the precedent established by other (and higher) courts.

Which article of the Constitution establishes the constitutional basics of the federal judiciary?

Article 3

What does article 3 say about the Supreme Court? Lower Courts?

the judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish

What protections are given to federal judges?

They serve life time sentences unless they get impeached by 2/3 votes in congress

What is the basic hierarchy of the federal judiciary?

Supreme Court

Court of Appeal

District Court

Specialized Court

What is the process for nominating and confirming a federal judge?

president nominates a judge

the senate has a Judiciary Committee where they conduct a background check, ask questions then submit votes to the Senate.

What role does the Senate play?

the Senate must give its "advice and consent" to presidential nominations to the federal courts.

What is senatorial courtesy?

Senators from president's political party exerts influence on selection of judicial candidate from their state

How can a federal judge be removed?

1. the House of Representatives must approve one or more articles of impeachment by at least a majority vote.

2. Then, a judge must be convicted by a vote of at least two-thirds of the Senate.

What are the steps of a case before the Supreme Court (starting with a writ of certiorari ending with opinions)?

Granted writ of certiorari (voted by at least 4 judges)

Lawyers for both sides submit briefs, as do "friends of the courts"

The Court holds oral arguments in which lawyers from both sides appear before the Court to make statements and answer questions from the bench

The justices meet in private where they vote on how the case should be decided and determine who will write the Opinion of the Court

What are the differences between judicial activism and judicial restraint?

Judicial Activism: more like to support expansion of the Court's jurisdiction and powers and are more likely to embrace innovative constitutional doctrines; less likely to follow precedent

Judicial Restraint: prefer showing restraint by the Court in letting the political branches to decide most questions and follow precedent more strictly

What are the different constraints on the judiciary?

If Congress disapproves of judicial decision, it may be able to override that decision through a simple statute, or through constitutional amendments

Shared presidential-senatorial appointment power

the language of nature was a manifestation from god as he said "let there be light" and there was light the world began to assume visible, comprehensible form.

what ever we know now think of the old vision of creation we can be sure that with out the speaking of word -without language- we would have no science today with its striking power to illuminate the world.

answer; lexical approach;