Mark is a psychologist who generates theories as to the causes of certain behaviors, tests applicable hypotheses, and revises his theories as needed. Mark engages in .

Scientific thinking

Explanation:

Mark is engaging scientific thinking because he is thinking in two scientific ways which are thinking about content of science(theories that are causing certain behavior and more) and reasoning(why there is a such behavior) which are considering test applicable hypotheses and revising of his theories.

Thins type of thinking is using deduction, causal reasoning, concept formation, induction and more.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

answer; silence;