Jason belongs to a college fraternity and has been told to show up for a hazing ritual to take place later that week. Jason is against the whole idea of hazing but is not sure how to avoid participating. According to your textbook, Jason will find it easier to refuse to participate in the hazing if: A. he decides to simply attend the ritual but not participate in any way. B. he tells the fraternity president about the anti-hazing rules in the college disciplinary guide. C. he agrees to participate in some of the milder hazing behavior but resolves to refuse to participate if the hazing seems to be getting too severe. D. he finds another fraternity member to join him in his refusal to participate.

D). He finds another fraternity member to join him in his refusal to participate.

Explanation:

As per the question, Jason would find it more convenient to refuse to take part in the hazing if 'he finds another fraternity member to join him in his refusal to participate' as this would not only provide him the necessary strength to make the decision but also boost his confidence to make it quickly. Lately, the studies have proved that social support makes it easier for an individual to take a specific decision as it assures him/her that their thought is approved and confirmed by the society. Thus, option D is the correct answer.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.