Dr. Heussman and his colleagues have designed an experiment to measure whether exposure to violent television is related to children's likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. Children were either exposed to a violent or nonviolent movie clip and then taken into a lab and given the opportunity to hit a doll. Dr. Heussman found that children who watched the violent movie clip were more likely to hit the doll. What is the dependent variable in this longitudinal study?

As nina and erin were eating lunch in the central high school student cafeteria, they were discussing the news coverage about the girls' athletic coach being arrested for selling steroids to student athletes. "i think the guy just did it because they don't pay teachers enough money," nina suggested. "i bet the guy had some other kind of drug addiction he was trying to pay for," erin countered. nina and erin's ideas about the cause of the coach's drug-selling behavior are examples of: