Caleb is driving a car in which Dotty is a passenger when an accident occurs. Caleb and Dotty are emotionally rattled, but neither is physically hurt. Caleb is not liable to Dotty on a negligence theory because:

dona was not injured

Explanation:

Caleb is not responsible for Donna's injuries. The negligence doctrine is that plaintiffs receive damages for negligence caused by others. Donna was not physically injured; She can sue if there is a physical injury, but emotional trauma is not an injury in pure injury.

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