Gabriel and Jim were involved in a car accident and they both suffered a broken bone. Gabriel told Jim, "Hey at least we only broke a few bones-we could've died!" Jim's response to Gabriel was "Yes, but I'm now thinking about how I can be a better driver so that I never get in an accident again." Gabriel's statement reflects a(n) counterfactual and Jim's response reflects a(n) counterfactual.

downward counterfactual ;

upward counterfactual

Explanation:Counterfactual thoughts have been shown to produce negative emotions, however they may also produce functional or beneficial effects.

downward counterfactual are Ideas that create a more negative outcome.

upward counterfactual are thoughts that create a more positive outcome.

the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair. science and reason could bring happiness and progress. kings did not rule by divine right. they had an obligation to their subjects. europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. americans put them into practice first.