Jewish families as well as African Americans and Hispanics were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California, when it was first built in 1950. However, within a few years, the developers reversed this policy and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?

Early 18th century british industries were generally small scale and relatively unsophisticated. most textile production, for example, was centred on small workshops or in the homes of spinners, weavers and dyers: a literal ‘cottage industry’ that involved thousands of individual manufacturers. such small-scale production was also a feature of most other industries, with different regions specialising in different products: metal production in the midlands, for example, and coal mining in the north-east.two illustrations of 18t