Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associatinBen is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of encoding. g them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of encoding.

White dwarf is very hot, but also very small and that is why it may appear dim.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.