Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?

Explanation:

Learned helplessness is a condition arising after an individual has repeatedly encountered a stressful situation. We come to believe Jody can't control or change the situation, so Jody don't try — even when there are options for alter.

When a person who has this experience finds they can't control things around them, they lose motivation. And if a chance occurs that allows the person to change his or her circumstances, they do not take action. Those who undergo learned helplessness are also less capable of making decisions.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; a cost benefit analysis;