In assessing victim–offender relationships (VOR), violence that is goal-directed predatory behavior used to exert control—such as a carjacker who shoots his victim before stealing the vehicle—is referred as what type of violence?

instrumental violence

Explanation:

there are different type of violence and instrumental violence is type in which violence commit to achieve another goal like in this case carjacker shoot victim to achieve another  goal that is stealing a vehicle. So, instrumental violence is due to demand and complete other goal, criminal mostly murder victim.

d.) continue to rise rapidly

because this was the year that the state of israel was formed