(A) Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage that urbanization has when compared to rural areas. (B) Identify TWO factors that have led to the increase in urban sprawl in the United States. (C) Give an economic disadvantage that cities may face as urban sprawl increases. (D) Discuss some negative impacts urban sprawl has on the environment. (E) Give TWO practices that would be emphasized when creating environmentally sustainable cities.

(A) Urbanization makes it easier to proportion services like medical services and education because people are more concentrated in urban areas. Rural areas are hard to supply with specialized services. A disadvantage is that crime tends to be statistically higher in urban areas.

Explanation:

In addition to the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization (B) Two factors that have led to the urban sprawl is 1) lack of urban planning and 2) rapid population growth that leads to overcrowding and traffic problems that compel people to move elsewhere or to travel long distances and thus adding to the urban sprawl.  (C) An economic disadvantage that cities may face is that services may be overburdened and it can lead to lower quality of life and higher poverty indicators in inner cities, for example.  (D) Urban sprawl has a negative impact on the environment because more people use private transportation because they have to travel long distances, thus increasing pollution. It also increases the need for parking and thus increasing the price of parking and making a sustainable form of life difficult for most wage earners. (E) Two practices that would be emphasized to create sustainable cities would be to encourage the use of public transportation and non-motorized vehicles like bicycles to reduce pollution and the levels of car traffic in the city.

the first lok sabha in 1951 had 22 women mps. the current lok sabha has 66. in the span of 54 years and 16 lok sabha elections it amounts to a three- fold increase in the number of women mps that made their way to the lower house of the parliament. from 5% in 1951, women mps constitute 12.2% of the lok sabha today. the rise in numbers has been steady through the years, both in absolute numbers and percentages. the notable exceptions have been the dip in numbers during the 6th lok sabha in 1977, the 9th lok sabha in 1989 and most recently the 14th lok sabha in 2004. the trends show a marked and steady increase from 1991 onwards to the present lok sabha. the 1991 figures show a jump from 5% in the previous lok sabha to 7% and the steady increase from thereon (except for 2004). it would be interesting to understand the factors for this watershed year and continuous rise and also the fall in numbers during 2004.

s no year number of women mps percentage of women mps

1 1951 22 4.50%

2 1957 22 4.45%

3 1962 31 6.28%

4 1967 29 5.58%

5 1971 28 5.41%

6 1977 19 3.51%

7 1980 28 5.29%

8 1984 43 7.95%

9 1989 29 5.48%

10 1991 39 7.30%

11 1996 40 7.37%

12 1998 43 7.92%

13 1999 49 9.02%

14 2004 45 8.29%

15 2009 59 10.87%

16 2014 66 12.15%

the average representation of women mps( 12.15%) is higher than the national average of women mlas in state assemblies, which stands at a dismal 9%. while the numbers have increased over the years, the percentage of women that make up the lok sabha even today is not a figure to be proud of, especially when the ideal number should be at 33% at least. we still have a long way to go.

percentage of women mps in various lok sabhaswomen contestants in elections to the lok sabha

central to the question of women’s representation in lok sabha is the appetite for women to take the political plunge and jump into the fray along with and against male candidates, getting tickets from their respective parties to contest elections and finally winning the seats that they contest. while popular perception might be that few women are willing to or have taken the political plunge, number of women contestants tells an interesting story. between 1957(the earliest data available) and 2015, the total number of women contestants has increased from 45 to 668. that is a whopping 15 fold increase in the number of women contesting. if we looked at the data for male contestants for the same years, the number has increased from 1474 to 7583, a five- fold increase. the 15 fold increase in women contestants indicates towards the growing appetite for women to enter the political fray and willingness to be part of political decision-making.

number of female contenstants in various lok sabha elections

explanation:

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