A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing behaviors. Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participant observe the dissonance-reducing behavior. The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was. These results suggest that Japanese observers
a. attended to what their fellow group members said, and ignored the task itself.
b. have no internally based attitudes; those are a Western cultural phenomenon.
c. experience dissonance on behalf of fellow members of their group.
d. wanted to show solidarity with the experimenter by saying the task was enjoyable.