Assume that executives from competing producers of the two leading dog-food brands get together and decide to charge a certain price for their lamb and rice dog food. This would be an example of:
a. a vertical restraint of trade.
b. a horizontal restraint of trade.
c. a violation of the Clayton Act. d. a violation of an antitrust exemption.

b. a horizontal restraint of trade.

Explanation:

This would be an example of a horizontal restraint of trade. Horizontal restraint of trade is an agreement between competitors  at the same level of distribution, producing similar goods for the purpose of fixing product price, bid rigging, market allocation, group boycotts or any other purpose that will influence the market to their favour and minimize competition between them.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

the federal government of the united states was established by the constitution. us is a presidential republic. the president is head of state, head of government and of a two party legislative and electoral system. the supreme court balances the powers of the federal and the state government. yhe executive branch is headed by the oresident. there are two chambers of congress, the senate and the house of representatives. judicial power is exercised by the judicial branch (or judiciary), comprised of the supreme court and lower federal courts. the judiciary's function is to interpret the   constitution as well as the federal laws and regulations.