Below is a series of working theses. Read each one and then identify the model—misinterpretations, gap, modification, or hypothesis-testing— that it represents.

a. A number of studies indicate that violence on television has a detrimental effect on adolescent behavior. However, few researchers have examined key environmental factors like peer pressure, music, and home life. In fact, I would argue that many researchers have oversimplified the problem.
b. Although research indicates that an increasing number of African American and Hispanic students are dropping out of high school, researchers have failed to fully grasp the reasons why this has ocrcurred.
c. I want to that studies supporting single-sex education are relatively sound. However, we don't really know the long-term effects of single-sex education, particularly on young women's career paths.
d. Although recent studies d voting patterns in the United States indicate that young people between the ages of 18 are 24 are apathetic, I want to that not all of the reasons these studies provide are valid.