In regard to Anderson’s study in Philadelphia addressing neighborhood life of youth and gangs, those individuals who were respected by residents and who at one time played an important role in socializing youth were referred to as .

Old heads

Explanation: The old heads were a distinct group of men that stood apart from the youth in the neighbourhood. They were instrumental in shaping the lives of the young ones as well as monitoring and advising them to tow a good path.

The old heads had their personal space in the neighbourhoods that couldn't be entered without being invited or before requesting permission. They discussed various issues with the younger ones including those they couldn't hqve with their parents and would have been misinformed bu their peers.

The old heads represented wisdom, stability and encouragement to the younger ones while reminding them that their actions have consequences and they would have to lay in the bed they've made for themselves i.e live with the consequences.

answer; the answer to the first question is (king james ii was replaced by his daughter mary and her dutch husband william of orange;

the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most seniority. in the south carolina senate, the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most committee seniority.